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<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Estimation robuste</dc:subject>
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<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Divergence</dc:subject>
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<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Divergence</dc:subject>
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<dcterms:abstract xml:lang="fr">Les deux premiers chapitres de cette thèse s'attachent à répondre à des questions cruciales en climatologie. La première est de savoir si un changement dans le comportement des extrêmes de température peut être détecté entre le début du siècle et aujourd'hui. Nous utilisons la divergence de Kullback Leibler, que nous adaptons au contexte des extrêmes. Des résultats théoriques et des simulations permettent de valider notre approche. La deuxième question est de savoir où retirer des stations météo pour perdre le moins d'information sur le comportement des extrêmes. Un algorithme, le Query By Committee, est développé puis appliqué à un jeu de données réelles. Le dernier chapitre de la thèse traite de l'estimation robuste du paramètre de queue d'une distribution de type Weibull en présence de co-variables aléatoires. Nous proposons un estimateur robuste basé sur un critère de minimisation de la divergence entre deux densités et étudions ses propriétés.</dcterms:abstract>
<dcterms:abstract xml:lang="en">In the first two chapters, we try to answer two questions that are critical in climatology. The first one is to know whether a change in the behaviour of the temperature extremes occured between the beginning of the century and today. We suggest to use a version of the Kullback Leibler divergence tailored for the extreme value context. We provide some theoretical and simulation results to justify our approach. The second question is to decide where to remove stations from a network to lose the least information about the behaviour of the extremes. An algorithm called the Query By Committee is developed and applied to real data. The last chapter of the thesis deals with a more theoretical subject which is the robust estimation of a Weibull type tail index in presence of random covariates. We propose a robust estimator based on a criterion ofminimization of the divergence between two densities and study its properties.</dcterms:abstract>
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