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<dc:title xml:lang="fr">Analyse de la variabilité intraspécifique chez les levures : résistance à l'ammonium et aux composés azolés</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative xml:lang="en">Analysis of the intraspecific variability in the yeasts : ammonium and azoles antifungals resistance</dcterms:alternative>
<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">S. cerevisiae</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">L. kluyveri</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Antifongiques</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Ammonium</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Analyses de pool de ségrégants</dc:subject>
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<dc:subject xml:lang="en">L. kluyveri</dc:subject>
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<dcterms:abstract xml:lang="fr">Dans toutes les espèces, les mutations et les réarrangements chromosomiques constituent des moteurs de l’évolution des génomes. Ils génèrent une diversité génétique à l’origine de la variation phénotypique observée entre les individus d’une même espèce. Cette variation est particulièrement importante chez les levures. Elles constituent donc d’excellents modèles pour déterminer les origines génétiques de la variation intra-spécifique. C’est dans ce contexte que ce travail s’est focalisé sur l’étude de la variation de résistance à l’ammonium et aux antifongiques azolés chez deux espèces de levures : Saccharomyces cerevisiae et Lachancea kluyveri. L’analyse des origines génétiques de la résistance à ces composés à mis en évidence que les variations génétiques pouvaient avoir lieu à plusieurs niveaux : séquence codante pour la résistance à l’ammonium et séquence régulatrice pour la résistance aux antifongiques. De plus, la réalisation d’expériences d’évolution adaptative a permis de mettre en évidence que l’adaptation à un nouvel environnement se faisait par dosage génique via l’acquisition d’un chromosome supplémentaire chez les espèces étudiées.</dcterms:abstract>
<dcterms:abstract xml:lang="en">In all species, mutations and chromosomal rearrangements are drivers of genomes evolution. These processes generate the genetic diversity at the origin of the phenotypic variations observed between the individuals of the same species. This variation is essential for their adaptation to a new environment. The yeasts are isolated from various ecological and geographical niches and show an important phenotypic variation. According to these characteristics, they are excellent modelorganisms to determine the genetic origins of the observed phenotypic variation. In this context, the study focused on the variation of resistance to ammonium and azole antifungals within two yeast species: Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lachancea kluyveri. The analyses of the genetic origin of the resistance to these compounds show that this genetic variation could occur at several levels: coding sequence for resistance to ammonium and regulatory sequence for resistance to antifungal agents. In addition, evolving experiments have showed that the adaptation to a new environment was done by gene dosage, through the acquisition of extrachromosomes in both species studied.</dcterms:abstract>
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