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<dc:title xml:lang="en">Collective effects in living matter : from cytokinetic rings to epithelial monolayers</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative xml:lang="fr">Effets collectifs dans la matière vivante : des anneaux de cytokinèse aux monocouches épithéliales</dcterms:alternative>
<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Anneau cytokinétique</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Agrégats de actine</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Agrégats de myosine</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Ratchetaxie</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Polyamines synthétiques</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Pulsations dans monocouches</dc:subject>
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<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Cytokinetic ring</dc:subject>
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<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Synthetic polyamines</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Pulsations in monolayer</dc:subject>
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<tef:elementdEntree autoriteExterne="031384285" autoriteSource="Sudoc">Cellules épithéliales</tef:elementdEntree>
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<dcterms:abstract xml:lang="fr">L’émergence de comportements collectifs cellulaires n’est pas bien comprise. Nous l’abordons dans deux systèmes biologiques. A l'échelle du micromètre lors de la constriction de l’anneau cytokinétique, nous montrons que des complexes d’acto-myosine s’auto-organisent sous forme d’agrégats dans la levure à fission et dans la cellule de mammifères. Ces auto-organisations découlent de règles d'interactions communes mais pour des fonctions distinctes, le transport et la génération de stress respectivement. A l'échelle de 100 micromètres, nous observons des pulsations corrélées de cellules épithéliales. Nous montrons les rôles du frottement avec la surface, et le couplage entre l’aire cellulaire, sa hauteur et sa contractilité. Nous présentons aussi deux études, des polyamines synthétiques pour étudier la polymérisation d'actine in vivo, puis l’inversion de sens dans la migration - la ratchetaxie. Cette thèse illustre l'importance des phénomènes physiques dans la dynamique cellulaire.</dcterms:abstract>
<dcterms:abstract xml:lang="en">The emergence of collective behavior from the interaction of individual units is not clear. In this thesis, we address this question in two different systems at different scales. At the micrometer scale during cytokinetic ring constriction, we show that acto-myosin self-organizes into rotating and static clusters in fission yeast and mammalian cells. These self-organizations arise from common interaction rules, but to serve distinct functions, transport and stress generation respectively. At 100 micrometers scale, we report correlated pulsations of cells in an epithelial monolayer. We show the key roles of substrate friction, and the tight coupling between cell area, cell height and contractility. We also present two other studies: synthetic polyamines for studying actin polymerization in vivo, and direction reversal in single cell migration during ratchetaxis. Altogether, this PhD illustrates the importance of physical phenomena in cellular dynamics.</dcterms:abstract>
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