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<dc:title xml:lang="fr">Méthylation de l'ADN : fonctions et ciblage au cours du développement chez la souris</dc:title>
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<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Méthylation de l’ADN</dc:subject>
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<dcterms:abstract xml:lang="fr">La méthylation des cytosines est une modification épigénétique catalysée par la famille des ADN méthyltransférases (DNMTs). C’est une marque répressive lorsqu’elle est adressée sur les îlots CpG des promoteurs de gènes. Le développement embryonnaire murin est caractérisé par une reprogrammation de la méthylation de l’ADN qui est critique pour le développement de l’embryon. Cependant, la contribution des différentes DNMTs dans la méthylation du génome ainsi que les mécanismes qui ciblent la méthylation de l'ADN vers certains gènes durant le développement embryonnaires sont mal connus. En combinant des approches de cartographie génomique avec des lignées génétiquement modifiées de souris, mes travaux de Thèse ont permis de clarifier la contribution des différentes DNMTs dans la méthylation du génome dans l’embryon : DNMT3A et DNMT3B sont strictement impliqués dans la méthylation de novo, et DNMT1 est strictement impliqué dans son maintien au cours des divisions cellulaires. De plus, l’analyse d’embryons globalement déméthylés a révélé de nombreuses fonctions de la méthylation de l’ADN dans le maintien de l'intégrité transcriptomique de l'embryon en réprimant des gènes gamétiques, des gènes du développement, des promoteurs cryptiques ainsi qu’un large panel de transposons. Dans un deuxième temps, j’ai étudié le rôle du facteur de transcription E2F6 dans le ciblage de la méthylation de l'ADN in vivo chez la souris. Mes résultats démontrent que E2F6 facilite l’acquisition de la méthylation de l’ADN au niveau du promoteurs des gènes gamétiques et est nécessaire pour initier leur répression à long terme au cours de l'embryogenèse. Dans leur ensemble, ces travaux contribuent à mieux comprendre les fonctions et mécanismes de ciblage de la méthylation de l'ADN au cours de l'embryogenèse des mammifères.</dcterms:abstract>
<dcterms:abstract xml:lang="en">Cytosine methylation is an epigenetic modification catalyzed by the family of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). This modification is involved in gene repression when it is addressed to CpG islands in gene promoters. Global DNA methylation reprogramming occurs in mice during the early phases of embryogenesis, which is critical for proper embryo development. However, the contribution of different DNMTs in genome methylation and the mechanisms that target DNA methylation to specific genes during embryonic development are poorly understood. By combining genomic mapping with genetically modified mouse lines, my Thesis work clarified the contribution of the different DNMTs in genome methylation in the embryo: DNMT3A and DNMT3B are strictly involved in de novo methylation, and DNMT1 is strictly involved in the maintenance of DNA methylation during cellular divisions. In addition, the analysis of globally demethylated embryos revealed numerous functions of DNA methylation in maintaining the transcriptomic intergrity of the embryo by repressing germline genes, developmental genes, cryptic promoters as well as a large panel of transposons.&#8232; In the second part of my Thesis, I studied the role of the E2F6 transcription factor in the targeting of DNA methylation in vivo in mice. My results demonstrate that E2F6 facilitates the acquisition of DNA methylation in the promoters of germline genes and is required to initiate their long-term epigenetic silencing during embryogenesis. Collectively, this work contributes to a better understanding of the functions and targeting mechanisms of DNA methylation during mammalian embryogenesis.</dcterms:abstract>
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