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<dc:title xml:lang="fr">Mécanismes moléculaires impliqués lors de la commutation isotypique</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative xml:lang="en">Molecular mechanisms involved during class switch recombination</dcterms:alternative>
<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Commutation isotypique</dc:subject>
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<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Crible CRISPR/Cas9 à l’échelle du génome</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Class switch recombination</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Somatic hypermutation</dc:subject>
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<dcterms:abstract xml:lang="fr">Au cours des réponses immunes, le répertoire des cellules B est diversifié par l’hypermutation somatique (HMS) et la commutation isotypique (CI). Ces mécanismes sont initiés par l’enzyme Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) qui induit des dommages à l’ADN. La CI a lieu au sein du locus IgH et implique un événement de recombinaison longue distance au niveau des régions de switch. Mécaniquement, elle est initiée par la désamination des cytosines dans l’ADN en uraciles par AID. Ces uraciles sont principalement excisés par l’Uracil DNA Glycosylase (UNG), ce qui entraîne la génération de cassures double brin. Celles-ci activent la réponse des dommages de l’ADN puis, sont réparées par la voie de jonction des extrémités non homologues (NHEJ). Dans le but d’identifier les acteurs moléculaires impliqués lors de la CI, nous avons réalisé un criblage CRISPR/Cas9 à large échelle et identifié Fam72a, un gène codant pour une protéine mal caractérisée se liant à Ung2. Nous avons montré que Fam72a est requis pour une CI et une HMS efficace, probablement par sa participation au choix entre la réparation fidèle ou mutagène en réponse aux uraciles induits par AID. De plus, nous avons caractérisé le rôle de Zbtb24 et de l’enhancer putatif γ1E lors de la commutation isotypique. L’ensemble de ces travaux permet d’éclaircir les différents mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la régulation des processus de diversification des immunoglobulines.</dcterms:abstract>
<dcterms:abstract xml:lang="en">During immune responses, B cell repertoire is diversified through somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). These mechanisms are initiated by the enzyme Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) which induces DNA damage. CSR takes place within the IgH locus and involves a long-range recombination event at the switch regions. Mechanistically, CSR is initiated by the deamination of cytosines in DNA into uracils by AID. These uracils are mainly removed by the Uracil DNA Glycosylase (UNG) and are then processed into double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). These DSBs activate the DNA damage response and are then repaired by the Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) pathway. In order to identify the molecular actors involved in CSR, we performed a large-scale CRISPR/Cas9 screening and identified Fam72a, a gene which encodes a poorly characterized protein that has been shown to associate with Ung2. We showed that Fam72a is required for efficient CSR and SHM, probably by its involvement in the choice between faithful or mutagenic repair in response to AID-induced uracils. In addition, we characterized the role of Zbtb24 and the putative 1E enhancer during CSR. All this work allows us to shed light on the different molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of immunoglobulin diversification processes.</dcterms:abstract>
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