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<dc:title xml:lang="fr">Les chercheurs français dans les projets Manhattan et Tube Alloys, 1939-1945</dc:title>
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<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Fission nucléaire</dc:subject>
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<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Seconde guerre mondiale</dc:subject>
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<dcterms:abstract xml:lang="fr">Cette thèse porte sur les chercheurs français qui ont mené des recherches sur la fission nucléaire entre juin 1940 et décembre 1945 en Angleterre, puis au Canada. Les deux membres fondateurs du groupe, Hans Halban et Lew Kowarski, deux émigrés juifs, sont des anciens de l'équipe du Collège de France constituée par Frédéric Joliot, laquelle a déposé les premiers brevets relatifs à la production d'énergie par utilisation de la fission nucléaire. S'appuyant sur les techniques développées juste avant la guerre dans l'équipe de Joliot, et transférant en Angleterre l'eau lourde du laboratoire lors de l'effondrement de la France, ces scientifiques vont s'intégrer au programme britannique de recherche nucléaire Tube Alloys. Avec d'autres chercheurs français, ils vont être les témoins – et parfois les acteurs – de l'affrontement entre les Britanniques et les Américains pour la maitrise de cette nouvelle énergie, acquérant au passage – malgré les contraintes du secret – des savoir-faire qui vont mener à une relance rapide de la recherche nucléaire en France et l'émergence d'un organisme de recherche, le Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique. Notre étude montre la continuité entre les recherches de l'avant-guerre et la réalisation de la première pile nucléaire française.</dcterms:abstract>
<dcterms:abstract xml:lang="en">This dissertation focuses on the French physicists who conducted research on nuclear fission between June 1940 and December 1945, first in England and later in Canada. The two founding members of the group, Hans Halban and Lew Kowarski, both Jewish emigrants, were originally part of the Collège de France research group set up by Frédéric Joliot, which had filed the first patents on the production of energy via nuclear fission. Building upon the techniques developed in Joliot's group just before the war and transferring precious heavy water to England during the collapse of France, these scientists joined the British nuclear research program Tube Alloys. Along with other French scientists, They were witnesses to, and sometimes actors in, the confrontation between the British and the Americans for the mastery of this new energy, acquiring in the process – despite the constraints of secrecy – the know-how that lead to a quick revival of nuclear research in France and the creation of a new research organization, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique. This thesis shows the continuity between their pre-war research and the realization of the first French nuclear pile in 1948.</dcterms:abstract>
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