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<dc:title xml:lang="en">Cluster structures, orientifolds of brane tilings and higher laminations</dc:title>
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<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Algèbre et variétés amassées</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Théorie de Teichmüller de rang supérieur</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Supersymétrie</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Théorie des Cordes</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Holographie</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Brisure dynamique de supersymétrie</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Théorie topologique des champs quantiques</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Cluster algebras and varieties</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Higher Teichmüller theory</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Supersymmetry</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="en">String Theory</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Holography</dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Dynamical Supersymmetry Breaking</dc:subject>
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<dcterms:abstract xml:lang="fr">Les algèbres et variétés amassées se manifestent naturellement dans divers champs de la physique mathématique, comme la théorie de Teichmüller de rang supérieur et l'étude des modèles de dimères. D'une part, on étudie la généralisation des laminations de Thurston aux espaces de Teichmüller de rang supérieur correspondant à des groupes réels déployés. Cela conduit notamment à l'introduction de théories topologiques des champs quantiques liées aux algèbres de Iwahori-Hecke des groupes de Coxeter finis. Celles-là associent un polynôme de Laurent entier à chaque surface épointée de type fini. D'autre part, les modèles de dimères nous permettent de prouver l'existence d'une complétion ultraviolette stable du modèle SU(5) de brisure dynamique de supersymétrie. On dérive de plus des résultats généraux quant à l'existence d'anomalies de jauge sur des D-branes transverses à des orientifolds de singularités Calabi-Yau affines toriques. Enfin, on donne un sens physique aux modèles de dimères sur la bouteille de Klein. Par ailleurs, les deux parties introductives de ce manuscrit présentent de manière pédagogique la théorie de Teichmüller de rang supérieur de Fock et Goncharov, puis les modèles de dimères en théorie des cordes ainsi que leur emploi dans l'étude des correspondances holographiques.</dcterms:abstract>
<dcterms:abstract xml:lang="en">Cluster algebras and varieties naturally appear in various fields of mathematical physics, such as higher Teichmüller theory and dimer models - known as brane tilings in the context of string theory. On the first hand, we study the generalisation of Thurston's laminations to higher Teichmüller spaces in the real split case. This guides us towards introducing topological quantum field theories associated with the Iwahori-Hecke algebras of finite Coxeter groups. Those assign a Laurent polynomial with integer coefficients to each punctured surface of finite type. On the other hand, we use dimer models to prove the existence of a stable ultraviolet completion of the dynamical supersymmetry breaking SU(5) model. Moreover, we derive general results on the existence of gauge anomalies in the worldvolume of D-branes at orientifolds of affine toric Calabi-Yau singularities. Lastly, we provide a physical interpretation of brane tilings on the Klein bottle. Besides, the two preliminary parts of this dissertation are pedogogical invitations first to Fock and Goncharov's higher Teichmüller theory and then to the use of dimer models in string theory and in holography.</dcterms:abstract>
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